近日来自南方医科大学的研究人员在鼻咽癌细胞系中发现并确定一类特殊的干细胞样细胞亚群的特征,他们认为这些细胞可能是导致鼻咽癌放疗后复发及治疗耐受的重要原因。研究发现发表在国际权威肿瘤学杂志 Cancer Research上。
领导这一研究的是南方医科大学教授、中国科学院院士姚开泰。他是我国鼻咽癌研究的主要奠基人之一,长期从事分子肿瘤病理学研究,在肿瘤(尤其鼻咽癌)的流行病学、病因学、实验病理学、分子生物学方面有较深的造诣。
鼻咽癌是一种发生于鼻咽粘膜的恶性肿瘤。占头颈部恶性肿瘤的78.08%。占上呼吸道癌肿的92.99%。其具有原发部位隐蔽,不易被早期发现,病理分化差,恶性程度高,易呈浸润性生长及早期转移的特点。我国是鼻咽癌发病率最高的国家,而广东、广西、海南等地都是高发区,发病率比其他大部分国家、地区高100倍以上,因此鼻咽癌有“广东癌”之称。当前鼻咽癌的治疗以放疗为主,但疗效上不理想,约55%的鼻咽癌在放疗后5年会出现复发转移。
癌症干细胞(CSC)是一类具有永生或无限自我更新能力的细胞,它们的数目相对恒定,有强的迁徙、浸润和转移能力;具有多分化潜能,能分化为不同表型的肿瘤细胞;在发育期间能够通过对称性分裂以扩增数量,或者通过非对称性分裂进行自我更新和产生更多不同分化类型的祖细胞;这些细胞具有治疗抵抗特性,能够耐受传统的细胞毒化疗和放射治疗。许多学者认为,肿瘤复发、转移以及对治疗的耐受等均与癌症干细胞相关。
在这篇文章中,研究人员利用标记保留(label retention)技术在鼻咽癌细胞系中发现了一种干细胞样细胞亚群PKH26+。(PKH26+)细胞是一些能够聚集生成克隆,形成细胞球的侧群细胞(side-population cell),对放疗耐受。利用基因组方法,研究人员证实原癌基因c-Myc (MYC)通过直接结合Chk1 (CHEK1)和Chk2 (CHEK2)启动子,转录激活Chk1和Chk2细胞周期检测点激酶,从而调控了放疗耐受。在PKH26+亚细胞群中过表达c-Myc,可导致Chk1和Chk2表达增高,随后激活DNA损伤检测点反应,导致抗辐射性。而Chk1和Chk2表达丧失则可以逆转体内外PKH26+细胞的抗辐射性。
这项研究阐明了c-Myc-Chk1/Chk2轴在调控DNA损伤检测点反应中的作用,以及PKH26+亚细胞群的干细胞特征。此外,这些数据提供了一条通过抑制c-Myc-Chk1/Chk2信号通路来逆转抗辐射性的潜在治疗策略。
MYC regulation of CHK1 and CHK2 promotes radioresistance in a stem cell-like population of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Kai-Tai Yao1,*, Wen-Jun Wang1, Si-Pei Wu1, Jin-Bin Liu2, Yong-Sheng Shi3, Xue Huang1, and Qian-Bing Zhang1
Radiotherapy is the most successful nonsurgical treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Despite this, the prognosis remains poor. Although NPCs initially respond well to a full course of radiation, recurrence is frequent. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis provides a framework for explaining the discrepancy between the response of NPC to therapy and the poor survival rate. In this study, a stem cell-like subpopulation (PKH26+) was identified in NPC cell lines using a label retention technique. PKH26+ cells were enriched for clonogenicity, sphere-formation, side-population cells, and resistance to radiotherapy. Using genomic approaches, we show that the proto-oncogene c-Myc (MYC) regulates radio-tolerance through transc**tional activation of Chk1 (CHEK1) and Chk2 (CHEK2) checkpoint kinases through direct binding to the Chk1 and Chk2 promoters. Overexpression of c-Myc in the PKH26+ subpopulation leads to increased expression of Chk1 and Chk2 and subsequent activation of the DNA damage checkpoint response, resulting in radioresistance. Furthermore, loss of Chk1 and Chk2 expression reverses radioresistance in PKH26+ (c-Myc high expression) cells in vitro and in vivo. This study elucidates the role of the c-Myc-Chk1/Chk2 axis in regulating DNA damage checkpoint responses and stem cell characteristics in the PKH26+ subpopulation. Furthermore, these data reveal a potential therapeutic application in reversal of radioresistance through inhibition of the c-Myc-Chk1/Chk2 pathway.
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