《2006AAFP成人胸腔积液诊断方法》内容简介：

Transudates result from imbalances inhydrostatic and oncotic forces and are causedby a limited number of recognized clinicalconditions such as heart failure and cirrho-sis. Less common causes include nephroticsyndrome, atelectasis, peritoneal dialysis,constrictive pericarditis, superior vena cavalobstruction, and urinothorax.

《2006AAFP成人胸腔积液诊断方法》内容预览：

8. Porcel JM, Vives M, Vicente de Vera MC, Cao G, RubioM, Rivas MC. Useful tests on pleural fluid that distin-guish transudates from exudates. Ann Clin Biochem2001;38:671-5.

9. Romero-Candeira S, Fernández C, Martín C, Sánchez-Paya J, Hernández L. Influence of diuretics on the con-centration of proteins and other components of pleuraltransudates in patients with heart failure. Am J Med2001;110:681-6.

10. Romero-Candeira S, Hernández L. The separation oftransudates and exudates with particular reference to theprotein gradient. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2004;10:294-8.

11. Heffner JE, Highland K, Brown LK. A meta-**ysisderivation of continuous likelihood ratios for diagnos-ing pleural fluid exudates. Am J Respir Crit Care Med2003;167:1591-9.

12. Barnes TW, Olson EJ, Morgenthaler TI, Edson RS,Decker PA, Ryu JH. Low yield of microbiologic studieson pleural fluid specimens. Chest 2005;127:916-21.

13. Sahn SA, Heffner JE. Pleural fluid **ysis. In: Light RW,Gary Lee YC. Textbook of pleural diseases. London:Arnold, 2003:191-209.

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